Each of the chapters in this book is structured to focus on processes that have occurred at the district and, to a lesser extent, the provincial levels. In the meantime, more general information on the history of forest administration and forestry sector development in Indonesia is provided, as well as significant national policy and legal-regulatory reforms associated with decentralization. This book attempts to describe in general what has been taking place in Indonesia since 1999, based mainly on case studies developed by CIFOR and its partners over the last seven years. The book highlights the historical background preceding formal decentralization in Indonesia as well as discussing key issues in which decentralization delivers impacts on forests and providing some lessons learned