Biotechnology as a fast developing technology as well as a science has already shown its impact on different aspects of day-to-day human life such as public health, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture, industry, bioenergetics and information technology. Now it is very clear that biotechnology will be a key technology for the 21st century and the science of the future. It has the potential to ensure food security, dramatically reduce hunger and malnutrition, and reduce rural poverty, particularly in developing countries. Considering its commercial potential and its possible impact on the economy, the government has taken a number of measures to build up trained human resources in biotechnology and promote research and development and its commercial aspects. The introduction of biotechnology as a subject discipline by various universities is such an initiation. This book covers all the fundamental aspects of biotechnology. It has been written in a very simple manner and explains the fundamental concepts and techniques in detail so that they are very easily understood, even by those without even a basic understanding of biology. Reading this textbook will give readers an idea of the relationship between biotechnology and health, nutrition, agriculture, environment, industry, etc., and will explain different applications of biotechnology in everyday life.