Soil is one of our most precious natural resources, providing a range of ecosystem functions and services, while supporting huge biodiversity. Such functions and services include plant growth, nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, breakdown of pollutants, and carbon storage. Despite its importance, many questions still remain unanswered about soil function and its sustainable management in the 21st century. In these chapters, the focus is on soil management, with an emphasis on the potential for sustainable soil management for agriculture and the environment. Changing land-use practices and the role of soil biological diversity has been a major focus of soil science research over the past couple of decades, a trend that is likely to continue as environmental issues such as climate change and rising greenhouse gas levels, and concerns regarding food production for a growing population, become increasingly debated topics. Content presented in these chapters suggests a holistic approach to soil management is required.