The book systematically introduces concepts, theories, principles, and applications of HRS and imaging spectral technologies. It is built on my research experience with HRS and on extensive review of literature items cited in the references at the end of each chapter. After discussing the basic concepts, fundamentals, and history of imaging spectral technologies, the book gives full and authoritative introductions to characteristics and principles of field spectrometers and biological instruments as well as airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral sensors, systems, and missions. While ground-based instruments (field spectrometers and bio-instruments) are important for studying underlying mechanisms and vegetative applications of HRS, it is necessary for us to understand the underlying imaging principles of both airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral sensors and systems to successfully apply sensor data in different application areas. Given the sensitivity of hyperspectral data to atmospheric effects, conducting radiometric and atmospheric correction is a key step for successful utilization of hyperspectral imaging data. Therefore, the book extensively introduces and deeply discusses empirical and radiative transfer–based atmospheric correction algorithms, techniques, and methods. Different from a set of techniques and methods for processing and analyzing traditional remote sensing data, this book fully and authoritatively introduces and discusses the techniques and methods developed specially for processing and analyzing hyperspectral data sets. To efficiently and successfully conduct various HRS projects, including both theoretical and applicative studies, operational tools and software for processing various hyperspectral data are necessary. Thus, the book introduces relevant features and modules of contemporary hyperspectral image processing tools and packages in detail. After describing the spectral characteristics of various materials and discussing analysis techniques and methods applicable to different application purposes of HRS, a comprehensive literature review is conducted for different application areas of HRS: geology and soil, vegetation and ecosystem, environments and other areas; the book then comments on the applicability of HRS in these areas. In short, the book can be used as a reference or professional book for graduate students, professionals, and researchers for their studies and applications of HRS technologies. There are a total of nine chapters in this book. The book is organized with an overview of HRS in Chapter 1; an introduction to field spectrometers, bio-instruments and imaging spectrometers, and sensors and systems onboard airborne and space-borne platforms in Chapters 2 and 3; an introduction to, and review of, techniques/models and algorithms of radiometric and atmospheric correction to hyperspectral data in Chapter 4; an introduction to, and discussion of, techniques and methods used for processing hyperspectral data in Chapter 5; a brief description of features and models of relevant software and tools for processing hyperspectral images in Chapter 6; and an overview on HRS research and applications in geology/soils, vegetation, environments, and other disciplines in Chapters 7 through 9.